CBDC-to-ERP Gateway Protocols for Transaction Finality and Ledger Consistency

Abstract

This article develops a pre-2020 CBDC–ERP gateway protocol designed to ensure deterministic transaction finality and minimize ledger–ERP inconsistencies in enterprise payment environments. By integrating early CBDC node interfaces, state-commitment proofs, deterministic sequencing logic, and idempotent posting buffers, the architecture significantly reduces double-posting, lost events, and reconciliation delays. Simulation resultsincluding divergence heatmaps and stress-condition error tablesdemonstrate how confirmation latency and ERP batch timing jointly influence posting accuracy. The findings show that while pre-2020 CBDC prototypes offer meaningful advances in finality assurance, architectural constraints such as throughput limits and probabilistic consensus require further evolution before large-scale, real-time enterprise settlement becomes feasible.